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Creation of the Universe - The theory and observation merged together can give us some answers - Observatins of the Black Holes in our Universe.

We have never seen them directly, yet we know they are there.

 

Lurking in dense star clusters, or wandering the dust lanes of the Galaxy were they prey on stars or even swallow plants whole.

Our Milky Way may harbor millions of these – Black Holes, the ultra dense remnants of dead stars.

 

 

But now in universe far beyond our galaxy there is evidence of something even more ominous, a breed of Black Holes that have reached incomprehensible size and destructive powers.

It has taken a new era of Astronomy to find these, high technology instruments in space tuned to find high energy forms of life with x-ray and gamma rays that are invisible to our eyes, new precision telescopes on earth with technology enabling them to cancel out the blurring effect from the atmosphere on earth and see to the far reaches of the Universe.

Looking into far distances of our Galaxies, astronomers finding evidence that space and time can be shattered by eruptions so waste they boggle the mind. We are just beginning to understand the impacts these outburst have had on the Universe around us.

That understanding recently took a leap forward when a team working at the Subaru observatory at the top of one of Hawaii’s volcano mountains looked into the deeper parts of the Universe and captured a beam of light that had taken almost 13 billion years to reach the earth. It was a messenger from not long time after the Universe is believed to have been born.  They focused their attention towards an object known as a Quasar, short for Quasi radio stellar Source, it offered a stunning surprise.

A tiny region of the object is so bright that the astronomers believe it comes from a single object with at least a billion times the mass of our sun.

In the center of this beacon the space suddenly turns dark as it is literary is swallowed by a black hole.

As strange as it may seem, even Hugh Black holes like these are thought to be products of familiar universe of stars and gravity.

They get their start in rare types of large stars at least ten times the mass of our sun. These giants burn hot and fast and they die young. The star is a cosmic pressure cooker. In its core the pressure gravity produces such an intense heat that atoms are stripped and re-arranged. Lighter elements like hydrogen and helium fuse together to form heavier ones like calcium, oxygen, silicon and finally iron. When enough iron forms and accumulate it begins to collapse under its own weight. That will send a chock wave that is sent outwards, literary blowing the star apart.  A supernova is born – at the moment the star dies, if enough matter falls into its core it collapses to a point forming a Black Hole.

Intense gravitational forces surround that point with a dark sphere – the event horizon at which point nothing, even not light can escape, that is how an average size Black Hole is formed.

What about the monster of the Subaru Quasar just recently observed? Recent observations about these giant black holes have led the theorists to re-think their views on history.

Back in 1995, the Hubble Space telescope was enlisted in to begin register details of that history.

Astronomers selected tiny regions in the sky between the stars, looking north, and south and into south again.

For days at a time they focused the Hubble telescope on these tiny patches of sky to examine the deepest regions in the universe. These deep field images offerings clear view of the cosmos in its infancy. What drew astronomer’s attention were the tiniest galaxies covering only a few pixels on Hubble’s lenses. Most of them do not have the spiral or elliptical shapes of the large galaxies we see closer to us today. Instead they are irregular and scrappy collection of stars. The Hubble Deep field confirmed the idea that the universe must have evolved in a series of building blocks with small galaxies gradually merging and assembling into larger ones. You can see evidence of this pattern by simply looking into the sky as many galaxies are gravitating around one another.  Some are crashing together; others are ripping each other apart. Gravity calls the tune as these galaxies draw together, exchanging stars and gases, and over time merge to form and form larger composite galaxies. Lately though, this picture of the Universe taking shape from the ground up has gotten a lot more complicated.

The quick appearance of giant black holes and galaxies in early universe is at odds with the gradual way matter builds up in most galaxies. They likely had their beginning in the first generation of stars that literary burst on to the cosmic scene, in a time of incredible turbulence. These stars were born in the knot that developed the fuse gas of the universe. Gravity drew these knots together, in the densest regions the stars were born in waves; they even gave birth to black holes. In a relatively short time by cosmic standards the earliest black holes swallowed more and more matter, growing to monumental proportions and became quasars. These quasars in turn were fed by collapse of matter on a much larger scale. Simulations of this illustrate what happened in the first billion years of cosmic history. Gravity forces driven by gases created an intricate web of strings and knots as if you were looking into a large spider web in three dimensions. In the densest regions are you would find the growth of the largest galaxies and black holes. 

As these regions grow stronger and stronger, the galaxies and black holes grow more and larger. In some regions these reach ultra massive proportions, billions of times mass of our sun. In the center of these massive galaxies, you will find developed a black hole driven by the galactic gravity of gases surrounding these galaxies.

The orbiting Chandra X-Ray Space laboratory was dispatched to look into the distant galaxies for black holes on a growths birth, those who swallow gases and summers, glow hot in x-ray light. And Chandra found them; it even spotted some of them in pairs. Black hole companion entwined in a dance of death, as when the music ends, the pair will swallow each other. That moment must be fast approaching for the largest black hole detected in the Universe up to date (or should we say has happened, as light takes some time to arrive here).

It is a quasar called OJ287, flare ups in the surrounding regions of this quasar suggests to the astrophysicists that another black hole is wandering around it. This giant gravitational hole and its companion have led astronomers to estimate it’s mass to be the enormous 18 billion times our sun mass.

A monster this large and ferocious vents its rage on its surrounding area and radically changes it.

Just look at MSO735, 2.5 billion light years away it appears in visible light to be a typical galaxy cluster. But in x-ray light it is in enveloped in a cloud of hot gas held together by immense cavities over a region of  600 000 light years across, in the radio wave light of the cluster, you can see two concentrated streams of matter pushing out from the center. This tells the astronomers that this is formed due to a rupture in the core of the central galaxy.  Two jets shooting out of the galaxy have launched a blast away through the gas of the galaxy; it is assumed that it requires energy of billions of super novas. This makes this the single largest eruption seen in our universe since the Big Bang. 

The source is a black hole that might weigh around 10 billion solar masses.  How is it that a black hole that is famous for hiding in the dark emit this much energy?

Think of the black hole as the eye in the midst of a hurricane storm, kept rotating by the gas, stars and all other matter surrounding its region of influence and other black holes that seem to fall into it. As this matter flows in, it forms a spinning donut feature called an accretion disc. It works like a dynamo, the spinning motion of that disc generates magnetic field that twist around and channel some of the inflowing matter outwards into a pair of high energy beams that projects out from the center of this jet donut.

How much energy, depends on the gravity and size of the black hole and how much matter has already crashed through its event horizon. Is this just another frightening specter of nature, or is it evidence of a more profound process at work?

Black hole jets have been seen all around the Universe, including in our own cosmic neighborhood.  Centauries A, also known as the hamburger galaxy exhibits jets seen in x-ray light, jetting out from its center.

Astronomers have come to believe its two galaxies in the act of colliding.

The famous M87 galaxy, at the center of Virgo cluster of galaxies, about 15 million light years away from us has been studied recently by the astronomers.

They have studied the 4 billion solar sun mass black holes that lurk in its hart. They found that in the tiny center of its region that the gas is whipped by its gravity to orbital speeds of millions of kilometers pr hour, which is powered by a jet that is penetrating into its center.

 

The largest black hole in the universe arose in the edge of quasars around 10-12 billion years ago, by releasing energy in form of jets they heated up the surrounding region. This prevented the gas from collapsing into the center from the surrounding region and allowed smaller galaxies on the periphery to form and grow.

But the monsters impact did not stop there.

The Chandra made a spectral image Hydra A galaxy cluster illustrates the high energy cavities forming jet streams blasting out from its central galaxy.

 

 

 

Gas on the edge of these jet streams contains higher content of iron and other metals probably from other supernovas from the explosions in the center. By pushing these heavier elements out into regions beyond the black hole seeds the universe with the elements needed to form stars, planets and solar systems like ours.

Then the smaller galaxies begin to seed their own environment.

As two galaxies begin their dance of entanglement and gas streams of each of these galaxies begin to interact, they feed each others black hole gravity field as they close up and at the same time push much of the loose gas beyond its boundaries. The final stage is a merge into one bigger black hole, as gas is sucked into these and creates a massive pull, in the final stages the singular black hole created by this collision emits one final blast of energy.

Our earth, sun and solar system seem to be beneficiaries of the black holes and their activities around in the universe.

The black holes are the evidence of the constant battle between energy and gravity in our universe.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the Author

He has a background as civil engineer and geoscientist. He has worked mainly within the oil and gas industry from the mid 1980s. He has written a few fictional novels as well as being the author of some professional litterature within oil and gas sector, he is now an editor of some web sites.

Black and White Polk a Dot Tote Bag $2.5 "This everyday tote has 1.5� webbing straps and a zipper to keep all of your items safely inside. Also includes an interior zipper pocket for your smaller items and contains a PVC Junonia label on the side."

Quilted Comfort Reversible Quilted Vest $89.95 "For warmth with a fashionable appeal. Versatile, fully reversible plus size mock-neck vest offers two looks in one! Herringbone quilting on the colorful smooth poly outer is tipped with black binding. Inside is warm and cozy PerfecTemp fleece in versatile black."

Marilyn Jeans by Lee with Tummy Smoother $49.95 "This classic five-pocket jean instantly slims and smoothes your waistline, while providing all day comfort. Designed to sit at your natural waist, this close-fit plus size style has an inner tummy panel that comfortably holds you in. Fashionable straight leg silhouette slenderizes. (See style #460002 for Black.)"

Packable Apple Fit Sport Pant $19.99 "These are a steal! If you love our black cotton plus size stretch pants, (and who doesn’t?) you’ll love having a pair of our best selling plus size pants in this warm and versatile cocoa brown color. Match up these woman-friendly plus size pants with your plus size tops in light blue, mango, and even black! The fabric is smooth with just the right amount of stretch for ease. Toss these in and out of the wash; they just bounce back into shape, keeping you looking your best. They not only look good, but these are incredibly comfortable. We cut these plus size pants full just for the plus size shape with a soft covered elastic waist. The legs and seat on this pant are cut for a slim appeal. Wear these for casual, for walking, and even to active pursuits like yoga class. Cling-free cotton/spandex is durable and just so comfortable. These even have side seam pockets for all our pocket-loving customers! Buy two or you’ll regret it! "

AquaSport Easy Zip Swimsuit $74.96 "We’ve added comfort and stylish flair to our AquaSport collection with this zip-front design. Fresh and comfy racer back design features a zip-front for easy on and off, with chafe-free zipper backing. Extremely flattering with contrasting black binding and curved side panels. Shoulders are carefully fit for the plus size woman for full and comfortable coverage, no chafing, and a full range of motion you’ll love as you do your laps or in aqua class. Inside is a full powermesh shelf bra with brushed elastic band that extends around the whole body for comfortable plus size support. 50 UPF UV Sun Protection."

Quilted Comfort Casual Jacket $89.95 "This jacket will be the one you reach for time after time. When the weather is “in between� this cute quilted plus size jacket will take you on errands, walking with friends, to the yoga studio, and more. Flattering vertical diamond quilt pattern in smooth quiet poly is stitched to top-quality, cozy PerfectTemp fleece inside. Wide turn-back cuffs and a mock neck that folds down to frame the face. Two-way front zipper is edged in black binding for an elongating effect in this longer, low-bulk style. "

PerfecTemp Two-Layer Reversible Fleece Mock Neck Jacket $69.98 "Fully reversible, this sporty-length mock neck jacket features two incredibly warm and luxurious layers of PerfecTemp fleece. Beautifully made and detailed with black binding trim at neckline, hem and sleeve openings, with top-stitching throughout. Flattering and feminine princess seam plus size design. Tricot-lined non-bulky zip pockets on each side of this reversible style. Two-way center front zipper. Junonia Spirit logo is embroidered at center back of collar. "

PerfecTemp Two-Layer Reversible Fleece Long Anorak Jacket $69.98 "Incredible warmth and coziness! Fully reversible hooded jacket features two layers of top-quality PerfecTemp Fleece. Princess seaming and encased elastic at small of back lends a subtle feminine shaping. Beautifully made and top-stitched throughout with black binding trim at hood and sleeve hem. Tricot-lined non-bulky zip pockets on both sides of this reversible plus size style. Two-way center front zipper. Junonia spirit logo is embroidered at top of hood. "

Reversible PerfecTemp Fleece Double Warm Vest $49.95 "Campers, bikers, bird watchers, early morning walkers! Don’t miss out on this fabulous deal! Two full layers of top-quality, beautiful- feeling PerfectTemp plus size fleece. And if you get this hard-working womanly vest dirty—it just reverses to another cute look! Zip pockets on BOTH sides (we think of everything!) Bonfires on the beach, Bananagrams in the tent, running errands, and cheering on your team! And on that long car-ride home, you can loan it to the kids for a back seat pillow! You’ll love the colors and prints. Have fun reversing to reflect your mood. This carefully constructed plus size vest has top-stitched detailing throughout, two-way zipper at the front, and is beautifully trimmed in black all around. Zippered hand pockets have a smooth non-bulky tricot lining. Embroidered with Junonia Spirit logo at top of hood. "

Quilted PerfecTempFleece Cozy Long Jacket $79.95 "With a wind resistant outside quilted to cozy top-quality fleece inside, this lightweight hooded winter coat is perfect for walking the dog or a night on the town. Eye-catching angles and beautiful quilting details in fresh and fun color combinations, all tipped in go-with-everything black. Wrap a scarf around your neck and let the compliments pour in! This longer jacket has a plus size friendly A-line and two way front zipper for ease and we’ve added side vents that zip at your option. Use the invisible zip pockets pockets for car keys and dog treats. "

QuikWik Lite Reversible Headband $9.99 "Headbands are in! Fits all head sizes, even larger heads! This stretchy reversible headband wicks on both sides. All 3 fashion colors reverse to black. 50 UPF UV Sun Protection."

Holiday Pattern Scarf $12.48 "The red, white and black Nordic pattern and reindeer design of this scarf will show everyone that you are in the holiday spirit. Whether choosing it for yourself or as a gift, the classic holiday pattern makes this a great way to stay warm. "

Geometric Peace Scarf $12.48 "The neutral black, tan and brown colors of this updated peace sign will compliment your winter wardrobe while keeping you warm. This scarf can be doubled over to add extra layers between you and the cold. "

Biking Inspiration Long Sleeve Tee $24.95 "Look closely at this cleverly designed bicycle – it is made up of all your favorite inspirational words! Exclusively Junonia, it is the beautifully silk screened on our mid-weight, no-cling shirt in always popular basic black. On a bike or just enjoying the thought of your next outing, you’ll love this shirt."

Reversible PerfecTemp Fleece Mock Neck Jacket $79.95 "Fully reversible mock neck jacket features two layers of cozy PerfecTemp Fleece. Black binding trim at neckline, hem and sleeve openings and top-stitch detailing at princess seams add style. Tricot-lined zip pockets are non-bulky. Two-way center front zipper. Center back is embroidered with Junonia spirit logo grouping at collar. "

Reversible PerfecTemp Fleece Anorak Jacket $79.95 "Fully reversible hooded jacket features two layers of cozy PerfecTemp Fleece. Encased elastic at small of back lends subtle shaping. PerfecTemp reversible style for lots of looks. These fun fleece pieces offer double value – just turn them inside out for a whole new look! A double layer of our popular PerfecTemp fleece keeps you warm and comfy on cool weather outings.Top-stitch seaming at center front, shoulders and princess seams for added sportiness. Black binding trim at hood and sleeve hem. Tricot-lined zip pockets are non-bulky. Two-way center front zipper. Center back is embroidered with Junonia spirit logo grouping at collar. "

Magid 6694 Clutch,Black/Black,One Size $216 Magid 6694 Clutch,Black/Black,One Size

Magid 6687 Clutch,Black/Black,One Size $116 Magid 6687 Clutch,Black/Black,One Size

Magid 6770 Clutch,Black/Black,One Size $44 Magid 6770 Clutch,Black/Black,One Size

King Size Bed in Black Finish $1007.4 King Size Bed in Black Finish

Queen Size Bed in Black Finish $940.35 Queen Size Bed in Black Finish

Full Size Bed in Black Finish $1007.4 Full Size Bed in Black Finish

Super Jersey Long Sleeve Crewneck Tee $19.98 "This long sleeve classic tee features size vents and a slight A-line shape for full coverage and easy movement. Made of a heavier weight cotton that never clings and shaped just for the plus size woman."

QuikCool Double-Scoop Bra Top $29.95 "Looking for a plus size bra top that is soft, light and supremely comfortable? QuikCool plus size bra tops are the answer. This dual layer, fully-lined plus size bra, offers light support while the wicking fabric is smooth and sumptuous. It surrounds the body to push moisture away from the skin to keep you dry and comfortable. Wear this plus size style during yoga, under a casual tee, or even sleeping. Cut for a plus size woman, this sporty top can be worn for low-impact activities or casual wear. Tee shirts slide over the smooth fabric. You’ll love the careful Junonia cut. It is longer at the sides for full and flattering fit, and slighter higher front and back for support. The armholes are not too tight, yet have excellent coverage and the wider straps support and can cover a plus size bra for extra support. Antimicrobial and fast-drying, QuikCool dries quickly, and is perfect for travel. "

UV-Protective Stretch Nylon Half-Zip Pullover $19.95 "We designed this versatile plus size pullover to protect you from the sun. It does that beautifully with UPF 50 and the highest possible UV rating. But then we noticed how versatile it is! We cut this plus size jacket long with princess seams to give you a flattering plus size jacket over plus size leggings and even a plus size bathing suit swimsuit on the beach. The arms are cut full for air flow, and roll up with tabs, and it has side slits for easy moving. This womanly plus size jacket also serves as a wind breaker jacket and is a perfect travel companion, ready for any activity, or those casual walks on the beach. Front slit pockets, quarter zip neckline "

Superfit Seamless Bra $29.95 "Seamless perfection in a bra designed exclusively for the plus size woman. Cleverly designed with a 3-hook adjustable back for easy on and off, this smooth and stretchy, soft control bra feels delightfully light. No seams, so no chafing, and with a one inch chest band that stays put. Open cut v shaped detail at center front adds extra feminine charm. The fabric is a highly durable wicking blend that feels like washable silk. The sizing for Seamless products is different than Standard Junonia Sizing.If your body measurements are at the higher end of the size range for a given size, we recommend ordering the larger size.Please reference the Seamless size chart for our recommendation."

Superfit Seamless Brief $14.95 "The ultimate in soft and luxurious comfort. This seamless brief is cut for the plus size form with a full, stay-put design with no seams, so no chafing! The fabric is a highly durable, wicking blend that dries quickly for travel and sport, that feels like washable silk! One inch soft, knit-in waistband stays put. This brief will move with you and feel like a second skin. Wear it every day. A touch of cotton is seamlessly knit into the gusset for breath-ability. The sizing for Seamless products is different than Standard Junonia Sizing.If your body measurements are at the higher end of the size range for a given size, we recommend ordering the larger size.Please reference the Seamless size chart for our recommendation."

Juno Stretch Naturals Leggings $36.95 "Luxurious cotton with spandex for ultimate stretch and comfort. Created with Junonia’s plus size fit and long-lasting quality. Covered elastic no-chafe waist."

Juno Stretch Naturals Capris $36.95 "Luxurious cotton with spandex for ultimate stretch, and comfort. Created with Junonia’s plus size fit and long-lasting quality. Covered elastic no-chafe waist."

Seashell Classic Pique Polo $29.99 "Don’t miss out on this fabulous deal! Nothing beats the crisp appeal of the classic plus size polo. It never goes out of style. Junonia’s womanly cut is also a winner. We’ve kept the plus size shape in mind with a great fit. Active or casual, the longer length means you can wear this shirt over plus size jeans or plus size leggings. Long side slits and a perfectly cut armhole mean you can play, run and laugh with the kids. Best of all is the gorgeous all-cotton pique fabric. It is a medium weight for a smooth no-cling appearance and feels great year around. Durable and breathable 100% Cotton, this shirt washes like a dream. Subtly embroidered with a Junonia seashell at the hem, your guarantee of exceptional fit and quality. If you are between sizes or prefer an oversized tunic fit, we recommend ordering a size up. "

V-Neck Tank Top $19.95 "A versatile and flattering, sleeveless plus size top. In soft lightweight non-cling summer cotton, this knit pullover is just the elegant detail you’ve been looking for. Worn under a jacket for those office meetings, it also looks great over a pair of plus size jeans. This is not really an active top, but would make the perfect travel companion, sauntering over cobblestones and shopping the markets. Add jewelry and scarves for fun. You’ll love the flattering neckline that takes this well above a simple plus size tank. The womanly cut of the armholes is perfect and the length just right. At this price you’ll want one in each color!"

Super Jersey Long Sleeve V-Neck Tee $19.98 "No-cling cotton skims the body for a flattering silhouette. Comfortable and long-lasting top-quality cotton. Wash after wash, from play to casual this plus size v-neck will become a favorite. "

Junowear All-Cotton Classic Brief $12.95 "Our best-selling brief ever! This generous full-cut plus size classic features a comfortable knit elastic waistband and non-chafe stretch edging at the leg. Natural waistline fit with a conservative leg. "

Juno Stretch Naturals Bike Short $24.95 "Luxurious cotton with spandex for ultimate stretch and comfort. Created with Junonia’s plus size fit and long-lasting quality with longer inseams. Covered elastic no-chafe waist."

Seashell Crossback Suit with Binding $49.95 "The most flattering plus size athletic tank you’ll ever wear. You’ll love the freedom of the X-back style for swimming. The front inset avoids water scooping when you are powering through the water. The side bust coverage is plus size perfect and the leg conservative but comfy. The back is a little higher for support and coverage, and the wide piped straps are striking. Inside our unique swim bra design, utilizes a special power mesh swim aqua bra system that combines under bust support with around-the-body sport bra construction for a natural but defined bust line. You’ll be amazed at how secure you feel in this plus size suit! We’ve made this plus size swimsuit from our best Nylon/high-spandex fabric with extra chlorine resistance. The thicker fabric offers elegant support and control. Wear for aqua activities, or simply look great lounging on a beach."

UV-Protective Stretch Nylon Zip Jacket $19.95 "Protect yourself from the harmful rays of the sun in this sporty plus size jacket. The fabric is rated at UPF 50 and has the highest possible UV rating. But you’ll be grabbing this versatile plus size jacket on even cloudy days, as a perfect top layer for chilly mornings or cool weather strolls. Pretty details include a stylish mock neck and contrast stitching, a Junonia logo on the two-way zipper pull and elegant shirring at the chest and cuffs. Back vented design allows for easy shoulder movement, while cord locks at the hem let you adjust for warmth and comfort. Cut a little longer to work for all your needs from casual walks to topping a plus size bathing suit swimsuit at the beach. Front slit pockets. This is a perfect plus size travel jacket! "

Seashell Beach Cover-Up & Swim Pant $39.95 "Inspired by a suggestion from a Junonia customer, these generously-sized, fast-drying pants are a dual-purpose cover-up. Pull them on over a swimsuit or wear them right into the water for added coverage. Above the Ankle-length plus size style is also cute as a simple travel pant. Seashell swim fabric features 50 UPF UV Sun Protection. If between sizes, order the smaller size."

QuikCool Full-Coverage Brief $19.95 "We dare you to find a more comfortable and sumptuous brief. We have cut this beautiful style for a woman, with full coverage yet with a sleek and slightly sexy appeal. But the secret to this popular style is the fabric. QuikCool is silky soft and stretchy, with the wicking power that makes all the difference. These wicking plus size panties push moisture away from your body keeping you dry and comfortable in all temperatures. Say goodbye to clammy plus size underwear. Junonia has carefully fit these for the plus size shape, and added a double inner gusset and soft, no-chafe bound edges at both the leg and waist. Enjoy the light stretchy support for active and all-day casual wear. Versatile and fast-drying, these briefs are perfect for sport, active and everyday casual wear. Antimicrobial and fast-drying, QuikCool is just the ticket for travel. "