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HP 2100 - Sheet Metal Fabrication Supplier - Hydraulic Couplings Manufacturer
2100 series architecture
There were two 16-bit accumulators, called A and B which could do most instructions such as load or add, and two 1-bit flags, called Overflow and Extend, although the A register had a few more instructions. The program counter, 15 bits, was called P. All instructions in the standard instruction set were 16 bits long. The earlier PDP-8 from DEC had just one accmulator and a 12 bit address. Memory was word accessible, unlike the later PDP-11 which was addressable by byte. Conditional branching was done with a conditional skip followed by a jump instruction. There was no dedicated stack register.
The processor instruction-set architecture was very efficient, predating RISC architectures with some similar features 20 years later, as there were only 68 instructions. All instructions are fixed width, 16 bits wide, and all instructions executed in one memory cycle (1.6 microseconds). However, instructions could address both memory and a register, it had only two accumulators instead of a series of general registers (such as the PDP-11). The register-reference instructions could execute multiple operations per instruction (RISC processors generally execute only one operation per instruction) The early machines in the series (including the 2116) were direct-execution machines but the 2100 and later machines were microprogrammed. The 2100 offered a writable control store allowing the user to extend and change the vertical microcode.
The 2100-series of processors is one of the systems that the SIMH multi-system emulator is able to run. Descendants and variants
The HP 9810, 9820 and 9830 desktop computers used a slow, serialized TTL version of the 2116 CPU, although they did not ultimately use any of the operating system or application software, instead relying on user-friendly ROM-based interpreters such as BASIC which worked when powered up and integrated keyboards and displays rather than disks or standard terminals. In 1975, HP introduced the BPC, the world's first 16-bit microprocessor, using HP's NMOS-II process. The BPC was usually but not always packaged in a ceramic hybrid module with the EMC and IOC chips, which added extended math and I/O instructions. The hybrid was developed as the heart of the new 9825 desktop computer. The later 9845 workstation added an MMU chip. These were the forerunners of personal computers and technical workstations.
HP 9830 desktop computer
The major differences between the original 2116 architecture and the BPC microprocessor are a completely redesigned I/O structure, the removal of multiple levels of indirect addressing, and the provision of a stack register for subroutine call and return. The elimination of multiple indirection made an extra bit available in the memory reference instructions, allowing the maximum memory capacity to be increased from 32K to 64K. The BPC also added an input allowing the "current page" to be PC-relative, rather than a power-of-two aligned page.
The BPC was used in a wide range of HP computers, peripherals, and test equipment, until it was discontinued in the late 1980s.
The HP 2100 is one of many 8 and 16 bit machine architectures said to be inspired by the PDP-8. These can be characterized by use of RAM instead of registers, and a small number of accumulators (such as A and B) rather than a relatively large number of regular registers (such as R0-R7 or R15) found on the PDP-11. This philosophy can save money when RAM is less expensive than registers.
Poland manufactured HP2114B clone since 1973. The Polish clones were called: MKJ-28 (prototype, 1973), SMC-3 (pilot production, 17 machines, 1975-1977) and PRS-4 (production in series over 150 machines, 1978-1987).
Czechoslovakia produced its own HP1000 compatible clones designated ADT4000 (4300, 4500, 4700, 4900). More than 1000 units were delivered by the vendors Aritma Prague (development), ZPA akovice and ZPA Trutnov between 1973 and 1990. Those computers served in the power plants including nuclear ones, other industry, military, at universities etc. for their high reliability and real-time features. Operating systems were DOS/ADT (several versions) and Unix. The oldest hybrid ADT7000 (1974) composed of digital ADT4000 and analog ADT3000 parts, but only digital part was interesting for customers. ADT4316 (1976) had 16K words of ferrite core memory, the ADT4500 (1978) up to 4M words of semiconductor RAM. The ADT 4900 was designed as a single-board computer, but its mass production did not start yet. Czechoslovak people army used ADT based MOMI 1 and MOMI 2 mobile minicomputers, built in container carried by the Tatra 148 truck. Instruction overview
Arithmetic Add, Increment, And, Or, Exclusive or
Program Control Skip, Jump, Jump to Subroutine
Shift/Rotate Arithmetic and Logical Shifts, 16- and 17-bit Rotates
Optional Multiply, Divide, 32-bit Load and Store, 32-bit Shifts Model overview Early models (1966-1970)
Core memory, hardwired CPU. Similar to a PDP-8 that has been pumped up to 16 bits and two accumulators.
2116A
2116B
2116C
2115A
2114A
2114B
2114C Second generation (1970-1974)
Core memory, microprogrammed CPU. An option allowed user microprogramming. Front panel buttons were lit on by small incandescent light bulbs that burnt out with use. Dark lights did not bother regular users, who knew the 1 and 0 sequences to load the paper tape 'loader-loader' instructions without seeing the panel's lights.
2100A
2100S 21MX (1975-1979)
Semiconductor memory, expandable to 1,048,576 words (one megaword). Front panel buttons were lit on by small red LEDs which were the longest lasting part on the system.
M-series 2105A, 2108A, 2112A (has a blue line on front panel)
E-series 2109A, 2113A (yellow line on front panel - E for Extended)
F-series 2111F, 2117F (red line on front panel - F for Floating point)
The 21MX ran the HP RTE (Real Time) Operating System (OS). They started out as refrigerator-sized rack computers with lights and switches on the front panels. The last models would use a 1 chip processor and fit under a desk using a console rather than front panel.
The new L and A series models had HP-IB interface ability but as with all HP systems at that point in time, the blinking LED lights were removed from the front panel. Despite customer demands for a Real-Time ability and HP R&D's efforts using an installable Real-Time card, the RTE-A OS was not as good at Real-Time operations as RTE on a 21MX. This was an important reason this computer was hard to kill. Many companies use Real-Time operations to take a measurement, make a change (turn on or off a pump, heater, a valve, speed-up or slow-down a motor), etc. L-Series (1980)
HP1000L SOS (silicon on sapphire) CPU and I/O processors A-Series (1981-1996)
each addressable up to 32 MB of RAM.
1981:
A600 - based on Am2900 bit-slice processor, 1 MIPS, 53kFLOPS
A600+ - based on Am2900 bit-slice processor, supports code and data separation, optional ECC (error correcting) memory. Codename: LIGHTNING
1982??:
A700 - HP own CPU, optional hardware floating point processor, 1MIPS, 204kFLOPS, microprogramming, optional ECC memory. Codename: PHOENIX
1984:
A900 - Provides pipelined datapath, 3MIPS, 500kFLOPS, ECC memory. Codename MAGIC
1986:
A400 - first single-board CPU including 4 serial lines; CPU fabricated by VLSI Technology with their CMOS-40 process, 512kB RAM on board. Codename Yellowstone
1992:
A990 - CPU implemented with two 208-pin CMOS application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), 298 instructions, supports up to 512 MB of memory. Operating systems
The operating system shell even in the late 70s was very primitive, with a single-level file system. The command to run a FORTRAN compiler would be like:
ru, f77, &test,'test,%test meaning run the f77 program, using special characters to distinguish between source file, object, and exe files for older FMGR files. A modern Unix command line uses an implied run, and files have dot extensions or internally stored characteristic ("magic number") to distinguish between different file types for a given project. It may have been the most primitive of any competitive minicomputer at the time. The HP 1000 also was one of the few minicomputers that restricted names to only 5 characters, rather than the 6 common at the time, which made porting and even writing programs a challenge. Newer RTE-A operating system for HP 1000 provided conventional directory structure with 16.4 file names, and made the ru command optional.
GRAPHICS/1000 was a FORTRAN 5 character name implementation of AGL, which was based on the HP 9830 graphics commands.
Alternatively, a specific dual processor configuration was sold (The HP2000 system) that could run HP Time-Shared BASIC. In this system, a well-equipped 2116 acted as the main processor while a 2114 acted as the communications multiplexer, simulating many UART channels in software. Later, 2100-series processors were substituted. The HP2000 was the fore-runner of the Tandem NonStop architecture, Tandem being created when HP management stopped the HP2000 product and its champions disagreed.[citation needed] Introduction dates
HP 2116A Nov 1966
HP 2115A Nov 1967
HP 2116B Sep 1968
HP 2114A Oct 1968
HP 2000A Nov 1968 (2116-based timesharing system)
HP 2114B Nov 1969
HP 2116C Oct 1970
HP 2114C Oct 1970 References
Leibson, Steve (2006). HP9825.COM: The Story of the Little Computer That Could!
The Hewlett Packard Company. HP1000/RTE Home page. External links
Jeff Moffat's HP2100 Archive, software and manuals
Simulator, with executable binaries and source in C
HP: The Accidentally, On-Purpose Computer Company
1972 HP 2100 Brochure
rack mounted HP2100 system Guilherme Bittencourt's site image showing from top to bottom, left: a 21MX E-series computer, 2100A computer, 2100 power supply (PS), 7905 disc drive, 13037 drive controller; right: paper tape reader, paper tape punch, 7900 disk drive, 7900 PS.
HP Computer Museum: 2000F Timeshare System
HP Computer Museum: 1000-L & A Series
Migration Specialties provides HP2100 & HP1000 replacements and upgrades.
Strobe Data provides HP2100 and HP1000 RTE Support & Training Notes
^ HP 2116
^ http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKJ-28
^ http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC-3
^ http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRS-4
^ Fortran 77 manual Categories: Minicomputers | Hewlett-Packard products | Instruction set architecturesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009
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I am an expert from cnc-machiningparts.com, while we provides the quality product, such as Sheet Metal Fabrication Supplier , Hydraulic Couplings Manufacturer, machining parts Manufacturer,and more.
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