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Circuit Active

Introductio to ACTIVE FILTER

Introduction

Filters are circuits that are capable of passing signals with certain selected freq.,while rejecting signals with other freq. §That is called as selectivity

Active filters use transistors or op-amps combined with passive RC,RL or RLC circuits

§Active devices provide voltage gain, and the passive circuits provide frequency selectivity Here we are study active filters using op-amps and RC circuits

Basic filter Resopnse

Output voltage is varies with the frequency of the input voltage

Types of filter :

1.Low pass filter

2.High pass filter

3.Band pass filter

4.Band stop filter

All signal lying within a band between a lower frequency limit and an upper frequency limit and reject all other freq.outside  this specified band.

BW = fc2 – fc1 §Center freq. fo = (fc1 * fc2 ) ½

Q = fo / BW §Higher the value narrower the BW and better selectivity for given value of fo

Narrow band ( Q > 10 )

Wide band ( Q < 10 )

Q = 1 / DF §Where DF= Damping Factor

Management functions:

Planning

n  Thinking before doing

n  Deciding what is to be done, when, where, how it is to be done and who will do it

Organising

n  Next phase to planning

n  Divide work into components

n  Assign people to tasks

n  Define authority

n  Define responsibility

n  Establish structure

Actuating (Directing)

n  Carrying out physically activities as planned

n  Provide effective leadership

n  Integrate people and task

n  Ensure effective communication

Controlling

n  Checking up to ensure work is progressing as planned

n  Observe and study periodic results of performance

n  Compare performance and initiate corrective action in case of any deviation

Functions of management

n  Forecasting

n  Planning

n  Organising

n  Staffing

n  Directing

n  Coordinating

n  Controlling

n  Decision making

Forecasting

n  Priliminary to planning

n  Estimates the future work

n  May be sales or production or any other aspect of business activity

Planning

n  All aspects of production, selling etc are essential in order to minimize the intangibles

n  A process by which manager anticipates the future and discovers courses of action open to him

n  Without planning activities of enterprise will be ineffective

Organising

n  Process by which structure and allocation of jobs is decided

n  Determine activities required

n  Grouping activities in logical basis

n  Assigning people to job designed.

n  Establishing framework in which responsibilities are defined and authorities laid down

Staffing

n  Process of selecting. training, promoting and retiring

n  Continuous process

n  Developing and placing qualified people in various jobs in the organisation

Directing

n  Give instructions

n  Guide the subordinates

n  Supervise the work

n  Motivating , guiding and supervising subordinates towards established objectives

Directing

n  Process by which actual performance of subordinates is guided towards attainment of goals of an organisation

n  Involves

n  Giving instructions

n  Guiding & helping

n  supervising

Directing

n  Involves following functions

n  Leadership

n  Communication

n  Motivation

n  Supervision

 

 

 

About the Author

Patel dilip
B.Tech(E.C.)

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