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Brief About Yellow Fever

The yellow fever, sometimes called black vomit (vomit) or American plague, is a viral disease, acute. It is an arbo-virus of zoonotic apes in rainforest and is transmitted from monkey to monkey by various mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, intermediate hosts and vectors.

Men crossing these wild endemic foci are occasionally bitten by infected mosquitoes and yellow fever is so called human "sylvatic form. Income to population centers, it acts as a reservoir of virus, and bitten by a mosquito that is commensally Aedes aegypti, host vicarious very effective, it is the source of a yellow fever epidemic and purely human: the dreaded "urban form".

Yellow fever remains an important cause of hemorrhagic illness in several African and South American, despite the existence of a vaccine effective.

The first outbreak appears to be in 1648 in Yucatan. Since then, many epidemics have been reported, including that of 1821 - several thousands of deaths (20,000 by some estimates) to Barcelona, that of 1965 (several thousands of cases causing hundreds of deaths in Senegal).

The hypothesis of the role of certain mosquitoes was issued from 1881an infectious origin and proven by Walter Reed in 19013 which also confirm the role of Aedes aegypti in the transmission. The campaign to eradicate the vector in Central America makes the virtual disappearance of the disease in these areas.

The virus was isolated in 1927 by Adrian Stokes. A few years later, Max Theiler in alleviating a strain of virus that keeps immunogenic, paving the way for the vaccine. These will, in 1951 the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work. A second attenuated strain was developed in France around the same time leading to a second vaccine to be widely used in Africa but must be abandoned in 1982 because of neurological complications (encephalitis post-vaccination in children). The virus was sequenced in 1985.

While 206,000 cases of yellow fever were reported in 2005 in twelve African countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo), causing 52 000 deaths, the World Health Organization estimates that the epidemic will be between 1.5 and 2.7 million deaths if nothing is done in terms of vaccine-preventable.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis is clinical. It is the aspect of the temperature curve and signs of examination.

After an incubation period of 3 to 6 days, typical symptoms that occur are the mouth, the muscle aches, the headaches and back pains. The red tongue, pale face and reddening of the eyes can also be symptoms of the disease. In some cases, internal organs such as liver, kidneys and heart can be affected. There may be bleeding from the gut: the subject then vomited black blood (the black vomit feature).

It will eliminate:

• The Malaria By Detection Of Plasmodia In The Thick;
• A Blackwater Fever Blackwater But It Would Then Urine Mahogany;
• A Recurrent But We Would See Borrelia Between Red Blood Cells Spread On Blood-Stained Giemsa ;
• Spirochetosis Icterus Colitis Or Hepatitis Endemic But They Have Continued To Evolve After The 10th Day.

The confirmation can be obtained from a specialized laboratory or center of reference of the WHO:

• From the blood of the patient, from the 3th and 4th day, by mouse inoculation;
• From its blood serum by a protection test in mice.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for yellow fever is a viral disease.

Only symptomatic treatment is possible, especially against fever and dehydration. It improves the evolution of the disease in the worst cases, but it is not available in disadvantaged areas. The extreme fragility of the patient requires great caution in applying such a treatment.

The patient should be isolated in the screen for at least 5-6 days.

 

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